Monday, March 26, 2012

Extracting Data from German Church Records -- Part 2

In my previous post, I describe my approach to surveying German church records  In this post I will look at portions of 5 records (the marriage record for Georg Friderich Brenner and Johanna Catharina Venningerin and the baptismal records for four of their children).  These records all come from the Kirchenbuch of the Evangelische Kirche of Adelshofen (A. Eppingen) Baden -- FHL microfilm #s 1189093 and 1189094.

My primary goal for extracting these 5 records is to determine Georg Friederich Brenner's occupation and year of birth, as well as any information that might open up a new lead to an expanded search.  Georg Friederich Brenner is one of my brickwalls.  First, a portion of the marriage record:
In the line following his name, Georg is listed as 28 years old (the date of the marriages is 5 May 1822).  This would mean that Georg was born later than 5 May 1793 and prior to 5 May 1795.  His religion is listed as Evangelical ??? (the word following the abbreviation for Evangelical is uncertain).  His is a citizen of Adelshofen (Bűrger) and his occupation is some kind of a smith (schmid).  The first part of the occupational listing appears to be "Ragel."  The most helpful resource for identifying occupations http://www.european-roots.com/german_prof.htm.  This webpage lists 80 categories of occupations, each including multiple subcategories and/or occupational titles.  (There are also multiple words for "citizens" and "nobility.")  Since I am most interested in the identifying the type of "smith" listed for Georg Brenner, I notice that the website lists 18 separate sub-categories of smiths and, literally, hundreds of occupational titles and variants.


Comparing the listing of his occupation in the baptismal records (especially, the record for Johannes Brenner, #3 below) would suggest that "Nagelschmidt" (nail smith) would be Georg Brenner's correct occupation.  All five records agree.  It is interesting to note that the Brenner surname (literally translated as "burner") could indicate that the forebears were smiths.  (Nagelschmidt / NailSmith is an occupation that I am putting on my To-Do list for further research.)


The occupational designation is followed by "allhier" in four of the records and "Inhier" in the other (the third record below).  "Allhier"simply means in this place - that is, Georg Brenner was a NailSmith in Adelshofen. I have been unable to find the word "Inhier" in an online German-English dictionary or in Bablefish or Google translate.  It may just be a local variant for "allhier."  The baptismal record of Johannes Brenner (containing "Inhier") is written in a hand that is distinctly different from the others, perhaps accounting for the use of a different term.  At this time, however, the spelling and meaning of "Inhier" is not conclusively determined.  The other four records are in agreement that Georg Brenner was a small tool smith in Adelshofen who specialized in the making of nails.  


The marriage record and all four baptismal records agree that Georg Friederich Brenner was married to Johanna (nee Venninger).  They were Evangelical Protestants living in Adelshofen.  There is obviously much more that can be extracted from these records, but I have accomplished my primary goal (that is, identify Georg Brenner's occupation (nail smith) and have narrowed the range for the expected year of his birth (1793-1795).


I have not found any record of Georg Brenner's birth, baptism, or confirmation in Adelshofen.  There are at least two Georg Friederich Brenners, born in other localities in the proper year range.  A next step is to check out those other records to see if I can find a connection.  My basic question, then, is:  What led Georg Brenner to travel from the place of his birth to Adelshofen?  That is a topic for more research andm hopefully, a blog post for another day.













Extracting Data from German Church Records -- Part 1

While in Salt Lake City for RootsTech 2012, I had the opportunity to spend a couple of days at the Family History Library searching through German church records for Adelshofen, Sulzfeld, Kűrnbach, Stettin, and Ittlingen in the Eppingen district of Baden, as well as Waiblingen in Wűrrtemberg.  Adeslhofen was the birthplace of Johannes (John) Brenner, my 2g-grandfather.  The other communities are fairly near Adelshofen.  I was primarily interested in records relating to John Brenner's mother, Johanna Catharina Venninger (my 3g-grandmother), and her ancestors.  A 'cousin' provided me with 12 generations of her ancestors, draw from the FHL indexes.  I was hoping to validate as many of those records as possible by making copies of the microfilmed originals. A description of the overall process can be found in a previous post ("Compiled Sources -- a Blessing and a Curse")


I have been organizing those found records in recent weeks.  Even though my German language skills are pretty weak and I have the to-be-expected difficulty in reading old German script, I began to notice some some structural similarities in the records.  I was particularly interested in reviewing the marriage record for Johanna Catharina Venningerin and Georg Friederich Brenner and the baptismal records for four of their children.  With four baptismal records, the following pattern emerged:

  1. The name of the child
  2. The names of the parents (Eltern or Vater/Mutter)
  3. Citizenship (Bűrger) and occupation of the father
  4. Birth name of the mother (geboren)
  5. Godparents (or sponsors/witnesses) for the child (Taufzeugen)
After discerning the underlying pattern of these records, it occurred to me that I might conduct an online search to see if anyone had written about the structural pattern of German church records.  In my search, I found the articles that would have benefited my research, had I only found them earlier.  I usually take a rather intuitive approach to my research.  One of the results is that I am constantly learning to revise my research procedures as I discover more and more tools for that research.  While others may prefer a more analytical, rational approach to their genealogical research, I like to jump into the middle of things and figure my way out. I prefer to read the instructions after I have begun to use the process.  That way, for me, the instructions make more sense.

My online search yielded 4 great resource articles:
  1. http://narafriends-pittsfield.org/gechurch.htm  --  This is, by far, has been the most complete and helpful resource for me.  If you are conducting research in German church records, this is the article that I would most highly recommend.  It contains a brief section on German grammar and writing; a description of  symbols, abbreviations, and key words for genealogical research; a description of what you can expect to find in German church records; and a description of each of the various types of church records.
  2. https://www.familysearch.org/learn/wiki/en/Germany_Church_Records  --  from the FamilySearch.org wiki.  A good resource.
  3. http://www.genealogyforum.com/gfaol/resource/German/church.htm  --  describes where church records can currently be found in Germany.
  4. http://www.understandingyourancestors.com/ar/parishMarriage.aspx -- a comprehensive look at marriage records including background material about marriage customs, trends, and  patterns.
With these great resources, new learnings, and many digital images of German church records in hand, I am ready to begin extracting data.  My next post will begin to extract data from Johanna Catharina Venninger's marriage record and the baptisms of four of her children.

Friday, March 2, 2012

My Research Checklist

I have been doing some organization work over the past couple of weeks.  My latest project has been the consolidation of a couple of Research Checklists (Worksheets) that I have saved but not used.  Since I recently downsized my primary genealogy database from 7000 persons to 700, it is a good time to begin building Research Worksheets for each of the primary, direct-line ancestors in my new primary database.  I have mini-version of a tracking list in my Research Wiki, but it is designed to highlight the data I have.  I need a more comprehensive tracking list that shows me both the data I have and the missing data.  It is, of course, the missing data that will set the direction for much of my future research.   I am aware that there are a number of good tracking lists available.  I find, however, that building my own a) gives me greater familiarity with the worksheet, b) gives me more encouragement to use the worksheet, and c) gives me the ability to continually adapt (and grow) the worksheet to fit with my needs and research style.

I have developed my Research Worksheet using LibreOffice Calc (spreadsheet).  I do not intend to use the Worksheet for primary data entry; instead, it is a check-list indicating what data I have and what data I don't have. Here is my first filled-in Research Worksheet for John A. Smith (my 2g-grandfather).

I have placed a strikethrough for those items for which I have no data.  I have bolded and underlined those for which I do have data.  In a few cases (residence locations), I have entered some of the content because these locations could be basic clues for next research steps.

I would appreciate any input regarding additional information that might be well to include in the Worksheet.  What would you add?  or change?  I expect this form to be fluid for a while while I begin to use it.

Wednesday, February 29, 2012

Literature Search: US-REC Study Group

I have begun a literature search for families in my tree.   This is a partial response to an assignment for our US-REC study group.  My previous post looked at an online compiled tree.  This post is the beginning of a literature search that will enable me to assess various compiled books, stories, and articles potentially related to families in my tree.   Not surprising, I have more entries for the Cole (Coale) family than any others.  Coal (Coale) ancestry has been traced back to the 1100s in England (lots of warrior-knights in the early years).

Following is a list of resource found.  Of course, it is only a partial list upon which I can continue to add sources.  Now I can begin to review the individual sources for reference to individuals in my family tree, along with an analysis of the source regarding its likely reliability.


Source
Surname(s) Individual(s) Availability
J.D. Warfield; The Founders of Anne Arundel and Howard Counties, Maryland; Bowie, Maryland; Heritage Books; 1995 Pp 132-4 Cole (Coale) Humphrey Cole Google Books; try interlibrary loan
Robert W. Barnes; Baltimore County Families, 1659-1759; Pp 120-123 Cole (Coale) George Cole Family; John Cole Family; St. Louis County Library; Google Books
Robert W. Barnes; British Roots of Maryland Families Pp 124-127
William Cole I FHL (975.2 D2ba)
Willis B. Coale; The Coale Family: Nine Generations (Vol. 1: 1569-1955); Willis B. Coale; Pontiac, IL, 1976
Cole (Coale)
St. Louis County Library
Willis B. Coale; Map Story of Nine Coale Generations; Willis B. Coale; Santa Clara, California; 1971
Cole (Coale)
Allen County Public Library; try interlibrary loan
Lothrop Withington; Virginia Gleanings in England; Baltimore; Genealogical Publishing Co., Inc.; 1980
Cole (Coale)
St. Charles City-County Library; St. Louis County Library
Charles Warner Stafford; The Stafford Index (Volume 2); Stuart, Florida; Stafford; 1964
Cole (Coale) Mid-Continent Public Library
Paul Drake, J.D.; Now in Our Fourth Century: Some American Families; Bowie, MD; Heritage Books; 1999
Cole (Coale)
Mid-Continent Public Library
Almarie Moore Edwards and C Walter England; History and Genealogy of Caples Family and Allied Families of Maryland; Jacksonville, Florida; D.C. Thompson; 1964
Cole (Coale)
St. Louis County Library
Baltimore County Historical Society; History Trails Extra, Vol. No. 2, Revolutionary Biographies, Part II; Cockeyville, MD; The Society
Cole (Coale) Abraham Cole Allen County Public Library; try interlibrary loan
Annie Walker Burns Bell (compiler); Baltimore County, Maryland, Wills (Vol. 19, 1842-1842); Washington, D.C.; A.W.B.Bell; 193?
Cole (Coale) Abraham Cole; Ruth Cole; et al FHL (975.271 P28be v. 18-20)
Annie Walker Burns Bell (compiler); Baltimore County, Maryland, Wills, Vol. 15 (1834-1836)
Cole (Coale) John Ensor, Jr; Ellen Cole; Zachariah Cole; Lewis Cole FHL (975.271 P28be v. 15-17)
William B. McCord; History of Columbiana County, Ohio and Representative Citizens; Chicago, Illinois Biographical Publishing Co.; 1903 Pp 715-716 Cole (Coale) Henry Cole, Sr. George Washington Cole; et al FHL – digital version available online
Prof. Ewing Summers (editor); Genealogical and Family History of Eastern Ohio; New York and Chicago; The Lewis Publishing Company; 1903 Pp 661-2 Renkenberger Bertram Renkenberger University of Missouri – St. Louis
Roster Commission; Official Roster of the Soldiers of the State of Ohio in the War of the Rebellion, 1861-1866 (Vol. VIII), 110th – 140th Regiments – Infantry; Akron; Werner Co.; 1886-95 P 172 Cole (Coale) George Washington Cole St. Louis County Library
Roster Commission; Official Roster of the Soldiers of the State of Ohio in the War of the Rebellion, 1861-1866 (Vol. III) 21st – 38th Regiments-Infantry; Akron; Werner Co.; 1886-95 P 147 Cole (Coale) Jeremiah Cole St. Louis County Library
Alphabetical index to Official roster of the soldiers of the State of Ohio in the War of the Rebellion, 1861-1866; Akron; W.P.A; 1938
Cole; Smith; Brenner; Renkenberger;
Ohio Historical Society
George N. Mackenzie; Colonial Families of the United States of America (Vol I, p 189); Baltimore; Genealogical Pub. Co.; 1966 35 Cole (Coale) Willaim Cole II St. Charles City-County Library; St. Louis County Library
Calvert County Maryland Genealogy Newsletter, Volume XI, Number 1, April 1996, page 3, 9 36, 241 Cole (Coale) William Cole I, Willaim Cole II St. Louis County Library
Eula Richardson Hasskarl; The Boswells of Shelby County, Kentucky, (Vol. II, July, 1978); Ada, Oklahoma(?); 1978 58 Cole (Coale)
Missouri Historical Museum (St. Louis)
Calvert County Maryland Genealogy Newsletter, Volume XIV, Number 7, September 1999, page 7: Sunderland, Maryland; J&MB O'Brien 62 Cole (Coale) William Cole I, William Cole II St. Louis County Library
Eula Richardson Hasskarl; Spencer County Kentucky Marriages and Vital Statistics; Ada, Oklahoma; E.R. Hasskarl; 1979 83 Cole (Coale)
Columbus (OH) Metropolitan Library
Helen White Brown; Marriage Records: Prince George's County Maryland, 1777-1886; Baltimore; Clearfield; 1995 147 Cole (Coale)
St. Louis County Library
J Reaney Kelly; Quakers in Anne Arundel County; Baltimore, Maryland Historical Society; 1963 231 Cole (Coale)
St. Louis County Library
V.L. Skinner, Jr.; Abstracts of the testamentary proceedings of the Prerogative Court of Maryland (Vol. II: 1670-1674); Baltimore, Maryland; Genealogical Publishing Company; 2005 261 (page 164, liber 3, folios 250-251) Cole (Coale) William Cole I St. Charles City-County Library; St. Louis County Library
Lewis H Yankey; The Whetzel Family; Criders, Virginia 270 Cole (Coale)
Allen County Public Library; try interlibrary loan
R. Bernice Leonard; Twig and Turf II: Bartlett and Allied Families, 1693-1984; St. Michaels, Maryland; R.B. Leonard; 1981
Cole (Coale)
Mid-Continent Public Library
Virginia Bartlett Gibney; House of Memories; Easton, Maryland; 1969
Cole (Coale)
Wilmington (OH) College Library
The New York Genealogical and Biographical Record
Messerall (Mesurolle) Jean Mesurolle St. Louis County Library
New Jersey Historical Society Proceedings; October 1924 P 393 Messerall (Mesurolle) John Messerall, Ann Rose St. Louis County Library
Inge Auerbach und Otto Froelich (bearbeitet); Waldecker Truppen im Amerikanischen Unabhaengigkeitskrieg (Hetrina) – Index nach Familiennamen, Bd. V; Marburg; Institut fur Archivwissenschaft, Archivschule Marburg; 1976
Mieding Johan. Mieding Only available in libraries in Germany
Jospeh Butler; History of Youngstown and the Mahoning Valley Ohio; Chicago and New York; American Historical Society; 1921
Brenner John Brenner; Judson Brenner St. Louis County Library
Bernice Hammar Simon; Index to History of Youngstown and the Mahoning Valley Ohio: vol. I, II, III by Joseph G. Butler; Canfield, Ohio, B.H. Simon; 1986
Brenner, Welk, Cole, Renkenberger
St. Louis Public Library (HQ Special Col. Open – Q 977.139 S594I)
Youngstown; Chicago; American Historical Society; 19??
Brenner Judson Brenner Allen County Public Library; try interlibrary loan
The Numismatist: Volume 35 57 Brenner Judson Brenner Google Books
American Journal of Numismatics: Volumes 51-52 156 Brenner Judson Brenner Google Books
United States Assay Commission; Proceedings of the Assay Commission; Washington; Government Printing Office; 1922
Brenner Judson Brenner Google Books
Harold Levi and George Corwell; The Lovett Cent: A Confederate Story; Blairsville, Georgia; Skeenah Gap Publishing; 2006 113 Brenner Judson Brenner Google Books
Charles Burleigh Galbreath; History of Ohio: (Volume 4); Chicago and New York; American Historical Society; 1925
Brenner Tod Brenner St. Louis County Library; Google Books
Modern Cemetery: Volume 26 140 Brenner Judson Brenner Google Books
The Numismatic Scrapbook Magazine: Volume 27 1723

Google Books
The Military History of Ohio; New York, Toledo and Chicago; H.H. Hardesty, Publisher; 1889 314 Welk Kate Welk (Brenner) Google Books
Lewis M. Gross; Past and Present of DeKalb County, Illinois (Vol 1); Chicago; The Pioneer Publishing Company; 1907 424-7 Brenner Judson Brenner Google Books
Genealogical and Family History of Eastern Ohio; Lewis Publishing Company; 1903 186 – 189 Brenner Conrad F. Brenner Google Books
General History of Trumbull and Mahoning Counties (Vol. 1); Cleveland; H.Z. Williams & Bro.; 1882 394 Brenner John Brenner Google Books
Metal Industry (Vol. 9); New York; Metal Industry Pub. Co.; January 1, 1911 44 Brenner
Google Books
Frank Conover, ed.; Centennial Portrait and Biographical Record of the City of Dayton and of Montgomery County Ohio; Chicago; A.W. Bowen & Co.; 1897; Dayton History Books Online, http://www.daytonhistorybooks.com 765-6 Smith John A. Smith Dayton History Books Online (www.daytonhistorybooks.com/)
Trudy Schenk and Ruth Froelke; Wuerttemberg Emigration Index (Vol. 1I-VIII); Salt Lake City; Ancestry, Inc.; 1986
Renkenberger Johannes Renkenberger; Johann Georg Renkenberger St. Charles City-County Library; St. Louis County Library
Filby P. William, ed.; Passenger and Immigration Lists Index, 1500s-1900s; Farmington Hills, MI; Gale Research; 2010
Renkenberger Johannes Renkenberger; Johann Georg Renkenberger FHL (CD-ROM no. 9 pt. 354 2002 copy 1
Clay Shampoe and Thomas R. Garrett; Baseball in Norfolk, Virginia; Charleston, S.C.; Arcadia; 2003 17-18 Otey Thomas William Otey University of Cincinnati
Ronald M. Renkenberger; Renkenberger, 1745-1988; Laotto, Indiana (?); R.M. Renkenberger; 1988?
Renkenberger
Allen County Public Library; try interlibrary loan

Tuesday, February 28, 2012

Compiled Sources - a Blessing and a Curse


This month's assignment for our US-REC Study Group is a) to read American Genealogy, Chapter 11: ("Compiled Sources and Newspapers" ) and The Source, Chapter 12 ("Newspapers") and b) evaluate a compiled source using Greenwood's criteria (page 185 in American Genealogy). Greenwood's criteria are fairly straight-forward:
  1. Are the materials which the source presents well documented?
  2. What kinds of sources are represented in the documentation? Are they original records (or photocopies of such) or are they other non-original materials?
  3. Are the research and analyses of difficult problems and connections examined in detail so that the bases for their acceptance can be completely understood?

The Compiled Source:
In April, 1910, a search of FamilySearch revealed an IGI record of the baptism of Johannes Brenner (my 2g-grandfather), son of Georg Friedrich Brenner and Johanna Catarina Venninger at the Protestant Church in Adelshofen, Baden. At approximately the same time, I came across online data tracing the lineage of Johanna Catarina Venninger (my 3g-grandmother) back about 12 generations. In telephone contact with the author of the materials, he acknowledged that he was in the process of removing it from online presence, but was willing to share his records with me. His records included names, dates, events, and locations, but no citations. In that telephone conversation, he indicated that the information came from FHL microfilms (mostly on the Protestant Church in Adelshofen, Baden). I found two other online trees containing information about Johanna Catarina Venninger's lineage. I put the information in a GEDCOM file (most from the original contact, supplemented by the other two online trees.

Evaluating the (Haphazardly) Compiled Source:
The evaluation is quite simple:
  1. The materials are not well documented. A verbal statement that the materials came from FHL microfilms (mostly #1189094) is vague, at best, and relates to the material in general only (that is, it does not document the source of particular data).
  2. It is hard to determine whether the author viewed photocopies of the originals (FHL microfilm) or used derivative sources (IGI, AFN). Regardless of what he used the material, as it came to me, was clearly derivative (no images of the German Church Records; only lists, in English, of the events, persons, dates, and localities).
  3. There was no analysis of the data, no evidence of conflicts, no examination of the data in detail.

Next Steps:
Greenwood writes, “There are some good things written that are poorly documented, but they are the exception and not the rule.” I began to suspect this to be the case of the material I had received on Johanna Catarina Venninger's lineage. I have chosen to accept this data as likely to be “useful in providing clues for research (Greenwood).” In fact, during my recent trip to Salt Lake City and the Family History Library, I found the materials to be “a great time saver in research.” I used the materials to create lists of baptisms, marriages, and deaths (sorted by locality and date). These lists (approximately 250 entries) were annotated with the FHL microfilm numbers for the appropriate Church Records.

At FHL I began my search the day prior to RootsTech. This was my first trip to FHL and my first experience with a microfilm reader. I made the mistake of focusing first on the church records from Adelshofen, Baden (the city where my 2g-grandfather, Johannes Brenner, lived before emigrating to the United States). That was a big mistake. Because I was dealing with records written in German (with which I have only a very elementary grasp) and in Old German script (which is a challenge for us moderns to read), I did not find many of the records for which I was seeking. Fortunately, the experience gained helped me in subsequent trips to FHL. I worked through (one day with my son's assistance) the church records of the other cities near Adelshofen from which many of Johanna Venninger's ancestors came. These searches were much more successful. Now, back home, I will have to order the Adelshofen film and have it sent to one of the Family History Centers in the area so that I can review that film and, hopefully, find more of the records for Johanna Venninger's lineage (and mine).  [See related post on German Church Records.]

Following is a list of the direct line ancestors of Johanna Catarina Venninger for whom I found microfilm images. I copied those images and will enter them into our Research Wiki and eventually into our TNG website. Reference numbers follow the Ancestral Lines Paring System [ancestral line.generation]. For more information see Caper McDonald's paper or my post (“RootsTechLearning #1 -- Ancestral Lines Pairing System”). It should be noted that the generation numbers start with my son; therefore, Johanna Venninger is generation 7 (my son's 4g-grandmother).

Generation 7
33.7 Johanna Catarina (Venninger) Brenner
marriage, baptism of 3 sons and 1 daughter
Generation 8 - Parents
33.8 Johannes & 97.8 Elizabeth Margaretha (Fleck) Venninger
baptism of 4 daughters and 1 son; 33.8 – death; 97.8 – death
Generation 9 - GrandParents
33.9 Johannes & 161.9 Maria Margaretha (Pfesterlin) Venninger
baptism of 3 daughters and 1 son; 33.9 – baptism, death
97.9 Johann Casper & 225.9 Elisabetha Margaretha (Uhl) Fleck
baptism of 3 sons; 97.9 - baptism
Generation 10 – 1G Grandparents
33.10 Johann Georg & 289.10 Maria Margaretha (Nast) Venninger
baptism of 4 sons and 2 daughters; 33.10 – baptism, death
97.10 Anastasius & 353.10 Anna Margaretha (Conrad) Fleck
baptism of 4 daughters and 1 son; 97.10 – death; 353.10 – baptism, death
Generation 11 – 2G Grandparents
33.11 Johann Georg & 545.11 Maria (Solome) Venninger
33.11 – baptism; 545.11 – death
289.11 Johann Phillip & 801.11Anna Maria (Ludwig) Nast
289.11 – death; 801.11 – baptism, death
Generation 12 – 3G Grandparents
33.12 Samuel & 1057.12 Euphrosyna (Ebts) Venninger
baptism of 8 daughters and 3 sons; 33.12 – baptism
289.12 Johann Martin & 1313.12 Waldburga (Trauttlinn) Nast
289.12 – baptism, death; 1313.12 – baptism, death
801.12 Michael & 1825.12 Anna Maria (Jaich) Ludwig
801.12 – baptism, death; 1825.12 - baptism
Generation 13 – 4G Grandparents
33.13 Samuel & 2081.13 Anna Maria (Knobblin) Venninger
baptism of 3 daughters; 33.13 – death; 2081.13 – death
289.13 George &2337.13 Agnes Nast
289.13 – baptism, death; 2337.13 - death
1313.13 Phillip & 4361.13 Margaret Trauttlinn
baptism of 1 daughter


Tuesday, February 14, 2012

Abundant Genealogy -- Week 7

Week #7 – Historical Documents: Which historical document in your possession are you happy to have? How did you acquire this item? What does it reveal about your ancestors? (Thanks to Amy Coffin and Thomas MacEntee.)


I must begin with an admission.  

Monday, February 13, 2012

RootsTech Learning #3 - GEDCOM X and/or BetterGEDCOM and/or FHISO

RootsTech 2012 was kicked off by keynoter, Jay Velkler, past president and CEO of FamilySearch. Verkler laid out a vision for the future of genealogy and family history as of 2060.  As part of that vision, the GEDCOM X project became publicly launched on 2 February 2012.